Ken Causer continues to recount the
story of his early career with Hawkers...
Initially there was no drawing work for me to do in the Project Office
so I was set to learn the current method for estimating the component
drag properties of an aircraft. This I did under the friendly guidance
of Ron Williams who set me the task of calculating the expected climb
performance of his own pet project; Project X. This was in the early
days of space exploration which was being vigorously conducted by the
USA and Russia at great expense using large disposable rocket devices.
In our comparatively impoverished state the UK was totally left out of
the race, but Ron thought that a much cheaper method could be devised
utilising a reusable first stage launcher. His idea was to use four DH
Gyron Junior jet engines mounted around the sides of a large fuel tank
supporting the final, much lighter, stage(s) of a rocket propelled pod.
Upon separation the now empty first stage would parachute safely to
earth to be reused.
From EDO To
Project Office Part 2
It must have been at this time that Jim Berryman had to
return to the drawing office and I was drafted in to fill his position
helping John Fozard produce detailed drawings for a one sixth scale
wind tunnel model of the P.1121. This was a very interesting job which
led, amongst other things, to my association with George Woods who ran
the Lofting Department, at that time situated across the river at
Shellmex's Lensbury Club premises. Then began a flurry of interest in
producing a comprehensive report on the expected stability and control
properties of the huge new all-weather, all-purpose supersonic P.1121
fighter, so now I was given the job of assisting our stability and
control man, Robin Balmer.
I
soon discovered that the Project Office appeared to be to be very
relaxed if work was not pressingly urgent, to the extent that we were
allowed, and probably expected, to spend some time reading technical
magazines and other documents not necessarily directly related to our
current job, and this led, later on, to an unexpected development.
When we had completed the P.1121 stability and control work I
was given the very interesting job of using a new analogue computer,
made by Avro, to examine stability and control problems relating to
hovering flight and Ralph Hooper's P.1127 VTOL project. The Avro
computer, superficially in the shape of an upright piano, had been set
up in the Project Office. I don't remember there being any keys but
beneath where they would have been was a recorder with two moving
'pens' to trace the dynamic responses of a body to applied forces. The
machine also had a green cathode ray tube, rather like an early TV,
which was positioned at the centre of the upright part of the 'piano'.
The screen displayed two spots of light which tracked steadily from
left to right, rising and falling in unison with the recorder pens and
leaving behind a momentary trace. With the aid of these it soon became
apparent that in hovering flight the P.1127 was catastrophically
unstable. Two knobs were provided for the 'pilot's' elevator and rudder
control inputs and in an attempt to gain some control over the response
to these I fastened a strip of cardboard to the knobs in the hope that
it would be possible to counteract manually the divergent paths of the
spots of light. In spite of much practice it was still not possible.
This was when, having tired of attempting to stabilise the
hover, I took the opportunity to examine the Bristol Engines brochure
covering their new jet engine, the BE 53. In a cut-away drawing of the
engine could be seen a twin spool system and two pairs of exhaust
nozzles for the separate cold and hot gas flows. I had not long before
been told that this new engine had been based on an older 'normal' jet
engine with a new low pressure compressor in front, and as I had just
discovered that the instability of the P.1127 was directly the result
of the engine's gyroscopic properties, the thought occurred to me that,
perhaps, if Bristols had not begun to make the engine, it would be
possible to 'opposite-hand' the new low pressure front end. I asked
Robin if he knew whether Bristols had begun to 'cut metal' on the new
engine and when I explained the reason behind my question he went
straight to Bob Marsh, Head of the Project Office, who immediately
wrote to Bristols. In about a week's time the answer came back that it
was indeed possible and that it would reduce the gyro couple to one
quarter of its original level.
Very soon after this I left Hawkers and went to work for De
Havillands in Canada where I stayed for four years working mainly on
performance flight test analysis, evaluation and subsequent
presentation in flight operating manuals. It was only after I returned
to England and Hawkers that I discovered that the first tethered flight
of the P.1127 had been made. In the Project Office, now situated in the
refurbished factory at Ham, there was a small profile model of the
P.1127, mounted on gimbals and carrying two flywheels mounted roughly
where the engine would be on the real aircraft and these were driven by
two electric motors that could be selected to run in the same or
opposite sense. The model had been used, I was told, in several
presentations to the Air Ministry and others in which the model's
stability or lack of it could be demonstrated by just touching the
model's wing tip. Whether my remarks to Robin four years earlier had
played a part in developments I have no idea and am now sure I shall
never know.
Editor's Note. In
Newsletter No.6 Roy Whitehead gave more details of the origin of the
P.1127 gyroscopic precession model mentioned by Ken.